Ecosystem services (ES) are the connection between nature and society, and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them. In Ethiopia, church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES. However, the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously. Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices, aiming to quantify, compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply, density and multifunctionality. We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities. ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices, suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species. Furthermore, the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age (p-value < 0.001) in the agricultural matrix, while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests (p-value < 0.001). Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply, ES density and ES multifunctionality, and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.

生态系统服务（ES）是自然与社会之间的联系，对于依赖生态系统服务的当地社区的福祉至关重要。在埃塞俄比亚，教堂森林和周围的农业基质提供了大量的ES。然而，两种土地利用类型提供的生态效益尚未同时评估。在这里，我们调查了教堂森林及其农业矩阵，旨在量化、比较和揭示基于树木的 ES 供应、密度和多功能性的驱动因素。我们发现几乎所有的教堂森林和一半的农业基质都提供了高 ES 密度。农业基质中的ES多功能性较高，表明人们有意保护或种植多功能树种。此外，所有类别ES的供应量与农业矩阵中的教堂森林年龄（ p值<0.001）呈正相关，而教堂森林的范围与教堂森林中所有类别生态系统服务得分的密度呈正相关。 （p值 < 0.001）。我们的结果可用于优先考虑提供高水平 ES 供应、ES 密度和 ES 多功能性的地点的保护工作，并优先考虑低水平 ES 的地点的恢复工作。