Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts normal brain function and is associated with high morbidity and fatality rates. TBI is characterized as mild, moderate or severe depending on its severity. The damage may be transient and limited to the dura matter, with only subtle changes in cerebral parenchyma, or life-threatening with obvious focal contusions, hematomas and edema. Blood vessels are often injured in TBI. Even in mild TBI, dysfunctional cerebral vascular repair may result in prolonged symptoms and poor outcomes. Various distinct types of cells participate in vascular repair after TBI. A better understanding of the cellular response and function in vascular repair can facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we analyzed the mechanism of cerebrovascular impairment and the repercussions following various forms of TBI. We then discussed the role of distinct cell types in the repair of meningeal and parenchyma vasculature following TBI, including endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, pericytes, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia), neurons, myeloid cells (macrophages and monocytes) and meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, possible treatment techniques targeting these unique cell types for vascular repair after TBI are discussed.

中文翻译：

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创伤性脑损伤后血管修复的细胞和分子机制：叙述性回顾

创伤性脑损伤（TBI）会破坏正常的大脑功能，并与高发病率和死亡率相关。TBI 根据其严重程度分为轻度、中度或重度。损伤可能是短暂的，仅限于硬脑膜，仅脑实质发生细微变化，也可能出现明显的局灶性挫伤、血肿和水肿，危及生命。TBI 时血管经常受伤。即使在轻度 TBI 中，脑血管修复功能障碍也可能导致症状延长和预后不良。各种不同类型的细胞参与 TBI 后的血管修复。更好地了解血管修复中的细胞反应和功能可以促进新治疗策略的开发。在这篇综述中，我们分析了脑血管损伤的机制以及各种形式的 TBI 后的影响。然后，我们讨论了不同细胞类型在 TBI 后脑膜和实质脉管系统修复中的作用，包括内皮细胞、内皮祖细胞、周细胞、神经胶质细胞（星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞）、神经元、骨髓细胞（巨噬细胞和单核细胞）和脑膜淋巴管内皮细胞。最后，讨论了针对这些独特细胞类型进行 TBI 后血管修复的可能治疗技术。